什麼樣的學習內容,對你來說是做白工?
先來看看這句例句:
The staff couldn’t have been more helpful.
理解的過程,是否有小小卡關
今天來談談「有效學習」
你選的內容和方法,真的是適合你的嗎?
一起往下讀
以下原文節自 Min 老師粉專
Yes Min:當英文家教/書籍譯者是一件很迷人的事
-
#學習如何有效的學習:1. 內容
#課本沒教的實用事
🐨
學外語想累積到一定的程度之上
不外乎就是一個 #有效學習公式🎯
【有效內容+有效方式+持之以恆 = 持續進步】
如果學習了一段時間,發現自己停滯不前
回過頭去審視這條公式
找出這三個要素是哪一項出了問題
(當然也有可能不只是一項)
就可以脫離白工協會
重新繼續累積
這一篇先聊聊什麼是「有效內容」
以英文學習為例
我們可以把接觸的內容概分為兩類:
第一類是給學習者看的
如學校課本、文法書、英語教學雜誌
以下稱為 #學習者內容
第二類是給母語者看的
如電影、影集、原文小說、原文新聞、社群媒體發文
以下稱為 #母語者內容
這邊不妨先暫停一下,想一想,我們從小到大
學英文時用的所有教材
有多少比例是學習者內容?
又有多少是屬於母語者內容?
🐨
如果一個人接觸到的內容
都只是來自學習者內容
那麼從小到大,他遇到的困難可能會有:
1. 覺得英文無趣,「我不喜歡英文」
2. 認定英文很難,「我跟英文無緣」
3. 學校考試過得去,但參加多益、雅思、托福等檢定考時,想拿到理想的成績會頗為吃力
4. 檢定考過關,但一旦脫離考試,在生活、職場、留學時,才發現自己原來無法理解母語者真實在用的英文
這是因為學習者內容是另外製作的
經過了刻意的設計、增刪或改寫
最大的問題是會過於簡化,或不夠自然
而且經常較為單調
無法讓學習者體會到
學一個新語言的樂趣或迷人之處在哪
🐨
很多人習慣只用學習者內容
也沒有意識到它會帶來的瓶頸
這類內容並非毫無是處
但問題是不能長期只依賴它
把學習者內容,當成學英文的唯一來源
會有什麼問題?
以 helpful 在 Oxford 字典的例句為例:
The staff couldn’t have been more helpful.
每個字都音節很短,拼法單純
沒有什麼難字
很少接觸母語者內容的人
卻通常無法理解它的意思,因為:
一、對這句的 #時態 很陌生
大家幾乎都知道 could(雖然可能一知半解)
不過很多人看到「 could have +過去分詞」就 😵💫 了
這個用法是指過去的事,表示「之前」
二、對這句的 #邏輯 很陌生
其實,The staff couldn’t have been more helpful.
跟下面大家比較熟悉的句子是同樣的邏輯:
I can't agree with you more.
都是用「否定+more」這種「不能再怎樣更多了」的形容
來凸顯「非常」、「相當」的程度
只接觸學習者內容的人
都會覺得這個句子長得好奇怪
但在英文裡這是很自然的表達邏輯
熟悉母語者內容的人就會看得很習慣
🐨
如果想真正懂母語者在用的英文
勢必要多接觸母語者內容
避免只是在學習者內容打轉
#挑選有效的內容有多重要?
相同的時數學英文
一個只靠學習者內容
一個混搭或專攻母語者內容
成效將會大不同
選對學習的內容,才是真正所謂的贏在起跑點
因此,不論是自學或使用老師挑的教材
學習者都應該要留意自己接觸的內容:
目前主要落在哪一類?
如何增加真正有效的那一類?
-
有效學習=贏在英文起跑點
你選的「教材」和「方法」是對的嗎?
同為台灣土生土長的英語學習者
我對 Min 老師提出的這個討論,也非常有感
一定要和你分享討論
歡迎大家留言你的學習歷程
是否都有「忍痛放棄全英影集」的經驗😢?
#不管怎樣都要脫離白工協會
#學習者內容 vs #母語者內容
#怎麼分配?
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過8萬的網紅與芬尼學英語 Finnie's Language Arts,也在其Youtube影片中提到,相信各位呢排除咗擔心武漢肺炎嘅傳播之外,亦都好擔心打邊爐會唔會加速冠狀病毒嘅傳播,前排嘅打邊爐家族又教到我地咩英文呢?即係睇呢段片學下! 訂閱與芬尼學英語 ► http://bit.ly/flayt-sub 喜歡我們的短片嗎?到 Patreon 支持我們! ► http://bit.ly/fl...
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could have been用法 在 Hapa Eikaiwa Facebook 的最佳貼文
=================================
「What if」を駆使して英語表現を豊にしよう!
=================================
今日は覚えておくと英語の表現がとても豊かになる「What if」についてご紹介します。先の心配をしたり、たわいもない話をしたり、遠回しに何かを提案したり、喧嘩で開き直ったり、用法によって様々な状況で使える便利なフレーズです。
--------------------------------------------------
1) What if _____?
→「もし〜だったらどうするの?」
--------------------------------------------------
「What if」は「もしある出来事が起こったらどうするの?」を意味し、何かが将来に起こり得る可能性を示唆する時に使う表現です。「What are you going to do if _____?(〜が起こったらどうするの?」や「What should I do if _____?(〜が起こったら私はどうしたらいいの?」といった表現を簡潔にした便利なフレーズです。例えば、友達の誕生日パーティーを公園で開催しようと計画するなかで「雨が降ったらどうするの?」と発言する場合は「What if it rains?」となります。
✔一般的に好ましくない状況を仮定する場合に使うが、ポジティブな出来事に対しても使える。
<例文>
What if there's traffic? You should leave early.
(渋滞だったらどうするの?早めに出た方がいいよ。)
What if I get lost? I don't even have my cell phone.
(道に迷ったらどうすんねん?携帯もないねんで。)
But what if you succeed? Trust yourself. You can do it.
(でも成功したら?自分を信じなよ。絶対にできるって。)
--------------------------------------------------
2) What (would you do) if _____?
→「もし〜だったらどうする?」
--------------------------------------------------
「What if」は、実際には起こる可能性が低かったり、またはあり得ないようないわゆる妄想話をするときにもよく使われます。例えば、友達に「もし宝くじが当たったらどうする?」と聞く場合は「What would you do if you won the lottery?」となります。
✔「What if you were _____?」→「あなたがもし〜だったら」
✔「What if you could _____?」→「あなたがもし〜できたら」
✔「What if you had _____?」→「あなたがもし〜持っていたら」
<例文>
What if you were an animal? What would you want to be?
(もしあなたが動物だったら、なんの動物になりたいですか?)
What if you could live anywhere in the world? Where would you live?
(もし世界中のどこにでも住めるとしたら、どこに住みますか?)
What would you do if you only had 24 hours to live?
(もし24時間しか生きられへんかったら、どないする?)
--------------------------------------------------
3) What if _____?
→「もし〜したらどうだろう?」
--------------------------------------------------
何かを提案する時にも「What if」が使われることがあります。しかし提案内容をストレートに強く勧めるのではなく、考慮して欲しいといった気持ちを遠回しに伝えるニュアンスです。例えば、会社で上司に早退できるかを交渉したい場合、「What if I finish all my work? Can I go home early?(もし仕事を全部終わらせたら早めに帰ってもいいですか?)」という感じで使います。
<例文>
What if we called off the event? Would it be a problem?
(イベントを中止にしたら問題になるかな?)
What if he buys you a new laptop? Would you forgive him?
(もし彼が新しいパソコンを買ってくれたらどないすんの?許すんかいな?)
What if I promise to never be late again?
(もし私が、もう遅れないって約束したら?)
--------------------------------------------------
4) So what if _____?
→「〜だから何だって言うの?」
--------------------------------------------------
相手から何かについて責められている時に「だから何だって言うの?」「〜をして何が悪いの?」と開き直った態度を示す場合によく使われるフレーズで、多少怒りの気持ちが込められた表現になります。よくあるカップル同士の喧嘩で例えてみましょう。帰宅が遅かったことを問い詰めてくる相手に反発する定番フレーズが「So what if I came home late? I was just hanging out with my friends.(遅くなって何が悪いの?友達と遊んでいただけじゃん。)」です。(笑)
<例文>
So what if I lied? You would have been angry anyway.
(嘘ついたからって何だっていうの?どっちにしろ怒ってたでしょ。)
So what if I spent all my money last night. It's my money.
(昨晩、お金を全部使い果たしたけど何か?僕のお金だし。)
So what if I don't want to go to college. It's my choice. Leave me alone.
(大学に行きたないことの何があかんねん!?うちのことやねんし、ほっといてくれへんかな。)
ブログ記事URL:https://hapaeikaiwa.com/?p=9201
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
無料メルマガ『1日1フレーズ!生英語』配信中!
通勤・通学などのちょとした合間を利用して英語が学べるメルマガ『1日1フレーズ!生英語』を平日の毎朝6時に配信中!ただ単にフレーズを紹介しているだけではなく、音声を使った学習プロセスが組み込まれているので、メルマガを読むこと自体が学習方法!
https://hapaeikaiwa.com/mailmagazine/
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
could have been用法 在 黃浩銘 Raphael Wong Facebook 的精選貼文
毋忘五大訴求 公民抗命有理
—10‧20九龍遊行陳情書
(案件編號:DCCC 535/2020)
——————————————————
「毋忘初衷,活在愛和真實之中」
撐阿銘,即訂閱Patreon:
patreon.com/raphaelwong
—————————————————
胡法官雅文閣下:
2012年,我第一次站在法庭上承認違反「公安惡法」,述說對普選的盼望,批評公安惡法不義,並因公民抗命的緣故,甘心樂意接受刑罰。當年我說,如果小圈子選舉沒有被廢除,惡法沒有消失,我依然會一如故我,公民抗命,並且我相信將會有更多學生和市民加入這個行列。想不到時至今日,普選仍然遙遙無期,我亦再次被帶到法庭接受審判,但只是短短7年,已經有數十萬計的群眾公民抗命,反對暴政。今日,我承認違反「未經批准的政府」所訂立「未經批准的惡法」之下的「未經批准集結」罪,我不打算尋求法庭的憐憫,但請容許我佔用法庭些微時間陳情,讓法庭在判刑前有全面考慮。
暴力之濫觴
在整個反修例運動如火如荼之際,我正承擔另一宗公民抗命案件的刑責。雖然身在獄中,但仍然心繫手足。我在獄中電視機前見證6月9日、6月16日及8月18日三次百萬港人大遊行,幾多熱愛和平的港人冒天雨冒彈雨走上街頭,抗議不義惡法,今日關於10月20日的案件,亦是如此。可能有人會問,政府已在6月暫緩修例,更在9月正式撤回修例,我等仍然繼續示威,豈非無理取鬧?我相信法官閣下肯定聽過「遲來的正義並非正義」(Justice delayed is justice denied)這句格言。當過百萬群眾走上街頭,和平表達不滿的時候,林鄭政府沒有理睬,反而獨行獨斷,粗暴踐踏港人的意願,結果製造出後來連綿不絕的爭拗,甚至你死我活的對抗。經歷眾多衝突痛苦之後,所謂暫緩撤回,已經微不足道,我們只是更加清楚:沒有民主,就連基本人權都不會擁有!
在本案之中,雖然我們都沒有鼓動或作出暴力行為,但根據早前8‧18及10‧1兩宗案件,相信在控方及法庭眼中,案發當日的暴力事件仍然可以算在我們頭上,如此,我有必要問:如果香港有一個公平正義的普及選舉,人民可以在立法會直接否決他們不認可的法律,試問2019年的暴力衝突可以從何而來呢?如果我們眼見的暴力是如此十惡不赦,那麼我們又如何看待百萬人遊行後仍然堅持推行惡法的制度暴力呢?如果我們不能接受人民暴力反抗,那麼我們是否更加不能對更巨大更壓逼的制度暴力沈默不言?真正且經常發生的暴力,是漠視人民訴求的暴力,是踐踏人民意見的暴力,是剝奪人民表達權利的暴力。真正憎恨暴力,痛恨暴力的人,不可能一方面指摘暴力反抗,又容忍制度暴力。如果我需要承擔和平遊行引發出來的暴力事件的刑責,那麼誰應該承擔施政失敗所引發出來的社會騷亂的罪責呢?
社會之病根
對於法庭而言,可能2019年所發生的事情只是一場社會騷亂,務必追究違法者個人責任。然而,治亂治其本源,醫病醫其病根,我雖然公民抗命,刻意違法,控方把我帶上法庭,但我卻不應被理解為一個「犯罪個體」。2019年所發生的事情,並不是我一個人或我們這幾位被告可以促成,社會問題的癥結不是「犯罪份子」本身,而是「犯罪原因」。我明白「治亂世用重典」的道理,但如果「殺雞儆猴」是解決方法,就不會在2016年發生旺角騷亂及2017年上訴庭對示威者施以重刑後,2019年仍然會爆發出更大規模的暴力反抗。
如果不希望社會動亂,就必須正本清源,逐步落實「五大訴求」,從根本上改革,挽回民心。2019年反修例運動,其實只是2014年雨傘運動的延續而已,縱使法庭可能認為兩個運動皆是「一股歪風」所引起,但我必須澄清,兩個運動的核心就是追求民主普選,人民當家作主。在2019年11月24日區議會選舉這個最類近全民普選的選舉中,接近300萬人投票,民主派大勝,奪得17個區議會主導權,這就是整個反修例運動的民意,民意就是反對政府決策,反對制度暴力,反對推行惡法,不容爭辯,不辯自明。我們作為礦場裡的金絲雀,多次提醒政府撤回修法,並從根本上改革制度,而在10月20日的九龍遊行當然是反映民意的平台契機。如今,法庭對我們施加重刑,其實只不過是懲罰民意,將金絲雀困在鳥籠之內,甚至扼殺於鼓掌之中,窒礙表達自由。
堅持之重要
大運動過後的大鎮壓,使我們失去《蘋果日報》,失去教協,失去民陣,不少民主派領袖以及曾為運動付出的手足戰友都囚於獄中,不少曾經熱情投入運動的朋友亦因《國安法》的威脅轉為低調,新聞自由示威自由日漸萎縮,公民社會受到沈重打擊,我亦失去不少摯友,有感傷孤獨的時候,但我仍然相信,2019年香港人的信念,以及所展現人類的光輝持久未變。我不會忘記百萬人民冒雨捱熱抗拒暴政,抵制惡法,展現我們眾志成城;我不會忘記人潮紅海,讓道救護車,展現我們文明精神;我不會忘記年青志士直接行動反對苛政,捨身成仁,展現我們膽色勇氣;我不會忘記銀髮一族走上街頭保護年青人,展現我們彼此關懷;我不會忘記「五大訴求」,不會忘記2019年區議會選舉,展現我們有理有節。
法官閣下,我對於當日的所作所為,不感羞恥,毫無悔意。我能夠在出獄後與群眾同行一路,與戰友同繫一獄,實是莫大榮幸。若法治失去民主基石,將使法庭無奈地接受專制政權所訂立解釋的法律限制,隨時變成政治工具掃除異見,因此爭取民主普選,建設真正法治,追求公平正義,仍然是我的理想。在這條路上,如有必要,我仍然會公民抗命,正如終審法院海外非常任法官賀輔明(Lord Hoffmann)所言,發自良知的公民抗命有悠久及光榮的傳統,歷史將證明我們是正確的。我期望,曾與我一起遊行抗命的手足戰友要堅持信念,在艱難歲月裡毋忘初衷,活在愛和真實之中。
最後,如9年前一樣,我想借用美國民權領袖馬丁路德金牧師的一番話對我們的反對者說:「我們將以自己忍受苦難的能力,來較量你們製造苦難的能力。我們將用我們靈魂的力量,來抵禦你們物質的暴力。對我們做你們想做的事吧,我們仍然愛你們。我們不能憑良心服從你們不公正的法律,因為拒惡與為善一樣是道德責任。將我們送入監獄吧,我們仍然愛你們。」(We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you.)
願慈愛的主耶穌賜我們平安,與我和我一家同在,與法官閣下同在,與香港人同在。沒有暴徒,只有暴政;五大訴求,缺一不可!願榮耀歸上帝,榮光歸人民!
第五被告
黃浩銘
二零二一年八月十九日
Lest we forget the five demands: civil disobedience is morally justified
- Statement on 10‧20 Kowloon Rally
(Case No.: DCCC 535/2020)
Your Honour Judge Woodcock
In 2012, I stood before the court and admitted to violating the "Public Security Evil Law". I expressed my hope for universal suffrage, criticized the evil law as unjust, and willingly accepted the penalty for civil disobedience. Back then, I said that if the small-circle election had not been abolished and the draconian law had not disappeared, I would still be as determined as I was, and I believe that more students and citizens would join this movement. Today, universal suffrage is still a long way off, and I have been brought before the court again for trial. But in just seven years, hundreds of thousands of people have already risen up in civil disobedience against tyranny. Today, I plead guilty to "unauthorised assembly" under an unapproved evil law enacted by an unauthorised government. I do not intend to seek the court's mercy, but please allow me to take up a little time in court to present my case so that the court can consider all aspects before sentencing me.
The roots of violence
At the time when the whole anti-extradition law movement was in full-swing, I was taking responsibility for another civil disobedience case. Although I was in prison, my heart was still with the people. I witnessed the three million-person rallies on 9 June, 16 June and 18 August on television in prison, when many peace-loving people took to the streets despite the rain and bullets, to protest against unjust laws. Some people may ask, "The Government has already suspended the legislative amendments in June and formally withdrew the bill in September, but we are still demonstrating, are we not being unreasonable?" I am sure your Honour has heard of the adage "Justice delayed is justice denied". When more than a million people took to the streets to express their discontent peacefully, the Lam administration ignored them and instead acted arbitrarily, brutally trampling on the wishes of the people of Hong Kong, resulting in endless arguments and even confrontations. After so many conflicts and painful experiences, the so-called moratorium is no longer meaningful. We only know better: without democracy, we cannot even have basic human rights!
In this case, although we did not instigate or commit acts of violence, I believe that in the eyes of the prosecution and the court, the violence on the day of the incident can still be counted against us, based on the August 18 and October 1 case. And now I must ask - If Hong Kong had a fair and just universal election, and the public could directly veto laws they did not approve of at the Legislative Council, then how could the violent clashes of 2019 have come about? If the violence we see is so heinous, how do we feel about the institutional violence that insists on the imposition of draconian laws even after millions of people have taken to the streets? If we cannot accept violent rebellion, how can we remain silent in the face of even greater and more oppressive institutional violence? The true and frequent violence is the kind of violence that ignores people's demands, that tramples on their opinions, that deprives them of their right to express themselves. People who truly hate violence and abhor it cannot accuse violent resistance on the one hand and tolerate institutional violence on the other. If I have to bear the criminal responsibility for the violence caused by the peaceful demonstration, then who should bear the criminal responsibility for the social unrest caused by failed administration?
The roots of society's problems
From a court's point of view, it may be that what happened in 2019 was just a series of social unrest, and that those who broke the law must be held personally accountable. What happened in 2019 was not something that I alone or the defendants could have made possible, and the crux of the social problem was not the 'criminals' but the 'causes of crime'. I understand the concept of " applying severe punishment to a troubled world", but if "decimation" was really the solution, there would not have been more violent rebellions in 2019 after the Mongkok "riot" in 2016 and the heavy sentences handed down to protesters by the Court of Appeal in 2017.
If we do not want social unrest, we must get to the root of the problem and implement the "five demands" step by step, so as to achieve fundamental reforms and win back the hearts of the people. 2019's anti-revision movement is indeed a continuation of 2014's Umbrella Movement, and even though the court may think that both movements are caused by a "perverse wind", I must clarify that the core of both movements is the pursuit of democracy and universal suffrage, and the people being the masters of their own house. In the District Council election on 24 November 2019, which is the closest thing to universal suffrage, nearly 3 million people voted, and the democratic camp won a huge victory, winning majority in 17 District Councils. As canaries in the monetary coal mine, we have repeatedly reminded the government to withdraw the extradition bill and fundamentally reform the system, and the march in Kowloon on 20 October was certainly an opportunity to reflect public opinion. Now, by imposing heavy penalties on us, the court is only punishing public opinion, trapping the canaries in a birdcage, or even stifling them in the palm of their hands, suffocating the freedom of expression.
The importance of persistence
As a result of the crackdown after the mass movement, we lost Apple Daily, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, and the Civil Human Rights Front. Many of our democratic leaders and comrades who had contributed to the movement were imprisoned, and many of our friends who had been passionately involved in the movement had been forced to lay low under the threat of the National Security Law. I still believe that the faith of Hong Kong people and the glory of humanity seen in 2019 will remain unchanged. I will never forget the millions of people who braved the rain and the heat to resist tyranny and evil laws, demonstrating our unity of purpose; I will never forget the crowds of people who gave way to ambulances, demonstrating our civility; I will never forget the young people who sacrificed their lives, demonstrating our courage and bravery; I will never forget the silver-haired who took to the streets to protect the youth, demonstrating our care for each other; I will never forget the "five demands" and the 2019 District Council election, demonstrating our rationality and decency.
Your Honour, I have nothing to be ashamed of and no remorse for what I did on that day. It is my great honour to be in prison with my comrades and to be able to walk with the public after my release. If the rule of law were to lose its democratic foundation, the courts would have no choice but to accept the legal restrictions set by the autocratic regime and become a political tool to eliminate dissent at any time. As Lord Hoffmann, a non-permanent overseas judge of the Court of Final Appeal, said, civil disobedience from the conscience has a long and honourable tradition, and history will prove us right. I hope that my comrades in arms who walked with me in protests will keep their faith and live in love and truth in the midst of this difficult time.
Finally, as I did nine years ago, I would like to say something to those who oppose us, borrowing the words of American civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King: "We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you."
Peace be with me and my family, with Your Honour, and with the people of Hong Kong. There are no thugs, only tyranny; five demands, not one less! To god be the glory and to people be the glory!
The Fifth Defendant
Wong Ho Ming
19 August 2021
could have been用法 在 與芬尼學英語 Finnie's Language Arts Youtube 的最讚貼文
相信各位呢排除咗擔心武漢肺炎嘅傳播之外,亦都好擔心打邊爐會唔會加速冠狀病毒嘅傳播,前排嘅打邊爐家族又教到我地咩英文呢?即係睇呢段片學下!
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#武漢肺炎 #打邊爐 #時事英語
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could have been用法 在 (文法)一次搞懂Should have - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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(文法)一次搞懂 Should have/ Would have/ Could have 不同 用法 ! 7.6K ... How to use the Phrase ' Would Have Been ' | Advanced English Conversation | Go ... ... <看更多>
could have been用法 在 邊爐家族的啟示?!即刻學識COULD HAVE BEEN 用法! 的推薦與評價
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相信各位呢排除咗擔心武漢肺炎嘅傳播之外,亦都好擔心打邊爐會唔會加速冠狀病毒嘅傳播,前排嘅打邊爐家族又教到我地咩英文呢?即係睇呢段片學下! ... <看更多>
could have been用法 在 [文法] there would have been的用法- 看板Eng-Class 的推薦與評價
想問這個影片裡面
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpnDAGVEeZg
多次用到there would have been
我想問為什麼要這要用?
可以用there was、 there were嗎?
句子如下:
1。(影片在47秒時)At that time, too, there would have been street
performers.
2。(2:49) Also, there would have been a lot of crime around here because
the families were very poor.
我對would have been的了解,只有國中時教的假設語氣
但這裡似乎不是假設語氣
然後我又查到這個
https://goo.gl/nKsGNN
裡面說到:
could, may / might , must, should, would 這些助動詞加完成式 have p.p. 的話
全部都是在指過去的事情, 而且幾乎都是一種 ”放馬後炮” 的意思
would have p.p. 則是 ”(當時/之前) 原本會...” 的意思
例: I would have helped him, but he was too lazy.
表示當時是因為那人太懶而沒有幫他
但是這用法和我這影片似乎也不一樣?
不知道是否有人可以告訴我 這影片裡there would have been的用法
感謝:)
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