語言往往成為一個群體的重要識別與群體邊界,而語言的融合與創新往往也代表著族群之間相遇與交融。
這篇來自CUP上的文章,帶我們認識在澳門的曾經流行的「帕圖亞」語,也帶我們看到在這個語言背後的族群融合故事以及時代變遷。
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在語言學上,帕圖亞屬於「歸融語」(creole language),即人們將多種不同語言的詞彙和文法混合,自然演化而成的一種語言。帕圖亞大概源於 16 世紀上半葉的馬六甲(Malacca),當時葡萄牙在東非、阿拉伯海和印度洋等地建立了龐大的海洋帝國,馬六甲就是葡萄牙人在東南亞的重要據點。葡萄牙人、馬來亞人和華人等不同民族均於當地定居,葡文、粵語、馬拉語、果亞語等逐漸歸融,慢慢發展成「克里斯坦語」(Papiá Cristang)。
到了大約 17 世紀,克里斯坦語傳到另一個葡國殖民地澳門,成為當地土生葡人(Macanese)的主要語言帕圖亞。當時,葡萄牙殖民者與當地華人通婚,並逐漸形成歐亞混血兒群體,帕圖亞亦進一步在地化,增加了很多粵語詞彙。往後 200 年,帕圖亞是澳門土生葡人廣泛流通的語言,它有很多別稱,例如澳門語(língu maquista)及女人話(língua nhonha),並於 19 世紀最為興盛。
根據澳門研究學者黎若嵐的文獻回顧,帕圖亞在澳門社會扮演多重作用。一方面,帕圖亞不單是本地人之間的溝通方式,也便利葡萄牙人與本地人溝通。而語言也區分了當時澳門的社會階級,操標準葡文的人,通常是最上流階級,他們視帕圖亞為「破碎的葡文」(broken Portuguese)。另外帕圖亞可依次分為三種,第一種是仿照葡語的帕圖亞,然後是地道帕圖亞,最低級的是 macaísta fallado pelos chins,意即是華人講的帕圖亞。
(以上引用網頁原文)
https://www.cup.com.hk/2021/06/03/creole-language-patua/?fbclid=IwAR2Mr-DNy_GqYdMqsvp5YNf_W2xdJrk4H2Ee_dbkPA-8xEI7oBoZyY-uKUA#.YLg0Zb0ptV0.facebook
同時也有27部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過27萬的網紅Lindie Botes,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Something different today - playing my new favorite game ? Virtually traveling a bit during these uNPreCeDEnteD times. Let's see how far my languages ...
「portuguese language」的推薦目錄:
- 關於portuguese language 在 百工裡的人類學家 Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於portuguese language 在 黒瀬來華 Laica Chrose Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於portuguese language 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於portuguese language 在 Lindie Botes Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於portuguese language 在 Laura Ribeiro Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於portuguese language 在 Xiaomanyc 小马在纽约 Youtube 的精選貼文
- 關於portuguese language 在 Portuguese Language Centre - Home | Facebook 的評價
portuguese language 在 黒瀬來華 Laica Chrose Facebook 的精選貼文
[🇬🇧🇺🇸 after 🇧🇷]
[🇧🇷] Sou artista convidada especial nessa campanha! Divulgue/apoie para a minha ilustração ser incluída!
O Angelo Mokutan (Mokutan Angelo)é um mangaka brasileiro residente em Tokyo. Ele vem produzindo o Tudo Zen Quadrinhos há 3 anos, que já foi publicado em 7 idiomas, mas ainda não tem versão em português. Então ele lançou essa campanha para a publicação em português com quadrinhos inéditos e convidados especiais. Mokutan-Sensei me convidou para participar e já fiz o lápis (mostrei um pedacinho nessa imagem)! Se o projeto arrecadar fundos suficientes, a minha ilustração (e o vídeo do processo) será incluída no livro! Saiba mais no www.catarse.me/tudozen ou no link da bio do @mokutan_angelo
Divulgue/apoie e vamos ficar zen! 🙂🙏
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[🇬🇧🇺🇸] I’m a special guest artist in this campaign! Spread the word and/or back it so that my illustration gets included in it!
Angelo Mokutan is a Tokyo based Brazilian artist. He’s been producing Zen Comics for 3 years, which was translated in 7 languages, but there’s no Portuguese version (our mother language) yet. So, he has made this campaign in order to publish the Zen Comics in Portuguese, with new works and guest artists. Mokutan-Sensei has invited me to join him and I have drawn the pencil stage (upper left at the image)! If the project is backed, my illustration and its making of video will be included in the e-book! Learn more.at www.catarse.me/tudozen or at the link at @mokutan_angelo ‘s bio.
Spread the news and/or back the project and let’s stay zen! 🙂🙏
#comics #quadrinhos #hq
#manga #mangá
#zen #budismo #buddhism
#filosofia #philosophy
#crowdfunding #catarse
portuguese language 在 ลงทุนแมน Facebook 的精選貼文
เซเนกัล จากอดีตเมืองท่าค้าทาส สู่ความท้าทายในปัจจุบัน /โดย ลงทุนแมน
ช่วงศตวรรษที่ 15 ถึงศตวรรษที่ 19 เปรียบเสมือนฝันร้ายของชาวแอฟริกัน
มหาอำนาจในยุคล่าอาณานิคมต่างเดินทางมาแอฟริกาเพราะต้องการ “แรงงานทาส”
หนึ่งในแหล่งค้าทาสที่สำคัญในสมัยนั้น คือประเทศที่มีเมืองหลวงตั้งอยู่ตะวันตกสุดของทวีปแอฟริกา...
Continue ReadingSenegal from former slave traffickers to current challenges / by Investing Man
The 15th to 19th century is like an African nightmare.
The power of colonial hunting era came to Africa because they wanted ′′ slave labor ′′
One of the major source of slave traffickers in those days is the country with capital in Africa's continent's far west.
named ′′ Republic of Senegal ′′
What story is this country going through
Investing man will tell you about it.
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cuddle Update the situation and economic situation with Blockdit
There's a podcast to listen to on the go.
Blockdit.com/download
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Senegal name comes from Portuguese that means part of the water.
Due to the west land of the country adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean.
Senegal Capital called ′′ Dakar ′′ located west of the country and west of Africa.
Location is conducive to maritime trade
Dakar becomes the center of West Africa's major trade.
The first nation to set up a trade station is Portugal, the world colonial in the early era.
To exchange goods with African capitalists
Especially ′′ slave labor ′′
To apply to labor in Brazilian cane farm, Portugal colonies in those days.
Slaves in the African continent will be brought to Dakar.
Then boarded to an island called Gory.
A small island 3 km from Dakar city in the Atlantic Ocean.
To wait for exchange with another product
This island place is called ′′ House of Slaves
After Portugal, the power of those days took over this island.
Both England, Netherlands
To export slaves to labor in their colony
But the nation that influences Senegal the most is France.
The year of July. Prof. 1659 West African area becomes a French colony.
This includes Senegal
France set Dakar to be a trade hub with West African countries.
And got the right to occupy Gory Island from Netherlands.
To export slaves to labor in South North America.
And set up a city to expand trade at the Senate River's mouth.
300 km from Dakar city, north along the coastline.
Name this city ′′ St. Louis ′′
France lays the foundation for Senegal as a trade goal to Africa.
Build a railroad between Dakar and St. Louis for shipping.
Also laying the education foundation for locals
To help with product trade
By the founding of the University in Dakar and St. Louis
That's why Senegal uses French in government language.
And use Saefa fringe as the main currency of the country.
And then the 5 century slavery trade ended in mid 19th century.
Later in July Prof. 1960 Senegal is also free from the French colony.
Been ruling the country with president and local government since then.
Even Senegal is a major economic hub of West Africa.
But due to over half of the country, the upper part is in the Sahara Desert.
Making space for farming is limited
So relying on large amounts of foreign food imports and energy.
Assembled with main export products like mineral phosphate. Products from peanut oil fishery are low value.
Government loaned a lot of foreign debt to spend.
And intervene in domestic product prices to low levels.
Senegal is missing the account balance. Keep walking.
Poor in the year. Prof. 1994 Senegal government needs economic reform.
Starting from decreasing 50 % of Zefa's money, causing domestic inflation to 32 % immediately because imported products have higher prices.
From the beginning Senegal used a fixed exchange rate tied to the Euro, it changed to the floating exchange rate.
Reducing government price interventions
And receive subsidy from IMF and other countries like France, USA.
Even the economy can move on.
But Senegal is still missing the account balance. Keep walking.
From relying on foreign imports and subsidies all the time.
Year 2016, lack of accounting. 4.2 % of GDP.
Year 2017, lack of accounting. 7.3 % of GDP.
Year 2018, lack of accounting. 6.9 % of GDP.
So, so
Senegal challenge right now
How to manage resources and value goods in the country
To be more dependent on yourself.
No need to wait for foreign aid all the time.
From Senegal's story, a lesson that we learned.
Although most African countries now have better status from the past with the slave trade.
But these countries are going to have a small economic size.
Because of lack of exportable product development at high value
And rely on importing from foreign goods
Most developed countries are the opposite.
Importing products will be imported to produce high value goods to export.
Trick it's up to what these countries do
To be free from this problem
Which, if possible, will eventually make the economy equal to other countries..
╔═══════════╗
cuddle Update the situation and economic situation with Blockdit
There's a podcast to listen to on the go.
Blockdit.com/download
╚═══════════╝
Follow to invest in man at
Website - longtunman.com
Blockdit-blockdit.com/longtunman
Facebook-@[113397052526245:274: lngthun mæn]
Twitter - twitter.com/longtunman
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Line - page.line.me/longtunman
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References
-https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview
-https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal
-https://tradingeconomics.com/senegal/current-account-to-gdp
-https://www.britannica.com/place/Goree-Island
-https://www.britannica.com/topic/transatlantic-slave-tradeTranslated
portuguese language 在 Lindie Botes Youtube 的最佳解答
Something different today - playing my new favorite game ? Virtually traveling a bit during these uNPreCeDEnteD times. Let's see how far my languages can get me in guessing which country I'm in. I apologize in advance to all Spanish and Portuguese speakers for confusing your languages so many times ?
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portuguese language 在 Laura Ribeiro Youtube 的精選貼文
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Don't forget to LIKE this video to help my algorithm, thank you!
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Hey guys, the last video in portuguese seemed to be sparking an interest, so I recorded another vlog in my life, also curious about a topic on the documentary: the social dilemma
have you guys watched it? what are you thoughts? share them with me below!
Laura xoxo
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Hey, I’m Laura Ribeiro. I am Brazilian-Portuguese, raised in London. I moved to Tokyo in 2014.
I work as a full-time model, and a singer-songwriter musician. My channel is based on lifestyle, beauty & fashion videos. I have always loved documenting everything, and being able to look back.
Love xox
thanks for watching, don't forget to subscribe ♡
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#TokyoVlog #Japan
🇧🇷 SPEAKING ONLY PORTUGUESE AGAIN | falando só em português | Life in Japan
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portuguese language 在 Xiaomanyc 小马在纽约 Youtube 的精選貼文
Go to https://BuyRaycon.com/xiaomanyc for 15% off your order! Brought to you by Raycon! Today I went out with my friend Kevin, a hyperpolyglot who speaks at least ten languages conversationally, has studied dozens, and is very fluent in several of them. We went around New York City’s incredibly multilingual borough of Queens (especially Jackson Heights and Astoria) and we (by which I mean mostly Kevin) spoke English, Spanish, Mandarin, Hindi, Urdu, Tibetan, Japanese, and Portuguese.
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portuguese language 在 Portuguese Language Centre - Home | Facebook 的推薦與評價
Portuguese Language Centre, Dublin 1, Ireland. 2003 likes · 3 talking about this. The first and only school specialized exclusively in the teaching of... ... <看更多>