💐R.I.P. 2021 9/2 :希臘國寶級作曲家、政治家 米基斯·提奧多拉基斯於今日與世長辭,享年96歲。
(Mikis Theodorakis 29 July 1925 – 2 September 2021)
提奧多拉基斯早年曾師從梅湘,創作過不少正統的嚴肅音樂作品。但是後來主要以政治活動著名。他很早就加入了希臘共產黨,軍政府獨裁時期曾被逮捕。後來曾在希臘政府任職。他最著名的音樂創作為歌曲和電影配樂,寫了一千多首歌曲和交響樂,其旋律已成為希臘音樂遺產的一部分,希臘出色的歌手們都與他合作過,2004年奧運會的主題音樂也是由他所創作的。
提奧多拉基斯的作品串接起希臘的傳統民謠、古典音樂和現代音樂,也將希臘羅馬時代的古詩或現代詩譜入歌中,被視為是復興希臘文化的重要人物,更是希臘近代獨立運動與反戰運動中最活躍的音樂家。
提奧多拉基斯出生於希臘第五大島Chios,年幼時熱愛民謠與福音歌曲,因偶然機會中聽到貝多芬的第九號交響曲而立志成為作曲家,十七歲時便舉辦了第一次個人音樂會,不過提奧多拉基斯戲劇化的人生轉折也在此時開始,同年他即因參與希臘的獨立運動而被捕入獄,隨後逃亡至雅典,一方面接受正統的音樂訓練,另方面他則更積極投入民族獨立運動組織。一九六八年為躲避希臘法西斯政府的整肅和迫害而逃亡海外,在世界各地舉行音樂會,此舉使得Mikis和希臘民謠得以同時間在世界音樂舞臺上綻放光芒、倍受國際樂界推崇,也讓他在1974年如民族英雄般重回祖國懷抱。
1964年提奧多拉基斯為電影《希臘左巴》(Zorba the Greek)所創作的配樂,是他揚名世界的重要作品,這張以希臘現代的八絃樂器Bouzouki琴為主奏樂器,搭配手風琴、吉他和小提琴等樂器表現出提奧多拉基斯融合了希臘傳統民謠Rebetika、舞蹈音樂和酒神頌歌等音樂形式的創作,帶來充滿出歡樂快意的情緒,也藏有地中海與南歐民謠的閒適感受。專輯中以“Theme de Zorba”及“Un Peche Impardonnable”兩首樂曲開頭的一段樂章做為音樂主軸,以不同的節奏和編曲反覆穿插在其他樂曲中,層疊交替營造出迴旋反覆的情緒張力;旋律輕快的“La Danse de Zorba”則是提奧多拉基斯改編自作曲家Giorgis Koutsourelis的創作“Armenohorianos Syrtos”,這首樂曲不但成為Miki最廣為熟知的作品,也是聽眾心中代表希臘音樂的標竿之作,在不少取景於希臘的電影中皆可聽聞。
提奧多拉基斯這十幾年雖因身體狀況欠佳數度進出醫院,但高齡的他仍堅持創作,並持續對抗政治強權和壓迫(例如曾發表聲明,禁止北京奧運主辦單位使用他的音樂),這位音樂家的創作就像他終其一生為希臘民族運動奉獻的精神一樣永遠鮮明強烈,永存樂迷心中。
Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis died in Athens on 2 September 2021, at the age of 96.
Theodorakis is revered in his homeland as a folk hero, the “Voice of Greece.” Internationally, Theodorakis is also regarded as one of the best-known Greek composers of the 20th century.
In particular, his music for the film “Zorba the Greek” made him famous worldwide. In addition to numerous other film scores and stage works, Mikis Theodorakis wrote primarily chamber music, songs, cantatas, oratorios and hymns.
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famous composers 在 Fan-Chiang Yi 范姜毅 Facebook 的最讚貼文
🎹鋼琴的大千世界/名家名言:「為何稱我為大師?主人在這裡(指著鋼琴),我只是他的奴才。」
— 李斯特著名的弟子,德國鋼琴家、作曲家、教育家 萊森奧爾(Alfred Reisenauer)
Why, there is the master (pointing to the piano), I am only the slave.”
— Alfred Reisenauer (1 November 1863 – 3 October 1907) German pianist, composer, and music educator.
📹 跟隨在李斯特學習長達十二年至李斯特過世(1874-1886)的萊森奧爾,演奏李斯特的第十號匈牙利狂想曲:
https://youtu.be/e12YwuHiQtY
📰 延伸閱讀 - 【李斯特學派 / the school of Liszt】♩.♪
https://www.facebook.com/notes/fan-chiang-yi-%E8%8C%83%E5%A7%9C%E6%AF%85/%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE-the-school-of-liszt/289155141104454/
———————————————————————1905-1906 鋼琴名家萊森奧爾(Alfred Reisenauer)在美國進行數月的巡迴演出,並接受美國著名音樂雜誌”Etude”的專訪。文章於1906年七月出版,隔年他在德國巡迴演出期間於下榻的飯店房間內過世。
📰 藝術家的養成 - 萊森奧爾的見解
The Making of an Artist - The Views of Alfred Reisenauer.
▪️With Liszt
“When I had reached a certain grade of advancement it was my great fortune to become associated with the immortal Franz Liszt. I consider Liszt the greatest man I have ever met. By this I mean that I have never met, in any other walk of life, a man with the mental grasp, splendid disposition and glorious genius. This may seem a somewhat extravagant statement. I have met many, many great men, rulers, jurists, authors, scientists, teachers, merchants and warriors, but never have I met a man in any position whom I have not thought would have proved the inferior of Franz Liszt, had Liszt chosen to follow the career of the man in question. Liszt’s personality can only be expressed by one word, ‘colossal.’ He had the most generous nature of any man I have ever met. He had aspirations to become a great composer, greater than his own measure of his work as a composer had revealed to him. The dire position of Wagner presented itself. He abandoned his own ambitions— ambitions higher than those he ever held toward piano virtuosity—abandoned them completely to champion the difficult cause of the great Wagner. What Liszt suffered to make this sacrifice, the world does not know. But no finer example of moral heroism can be imagined. His conversations with me upon the subject were so intimate that I do not care to reveal one word.
▪️Liszt’s Pedagogical Methods
“His generosity and personal force in his work with the young artists he assisted, are hard to describe. You ask me whether he had a certain method. I reply, he abhorred methods in the modern sense of the term. His work was eclectic in the highest sense. In one way he could not be considered a teacher at all. He charged no fees and had irregular and somewhat unsystematic classes. In another sense he was the greatest of teachers. Sit at the piano and I will indicate the general plan pursued by Liszt at a lesson.”
Reisenauer is a remarkable and witty mimic of people he desires to describe. The present writer sat at the piano and played at some length through several short compositions, eventually coming to the inevitable “Chopin Valse, Op. 69, No. 1, in A flat major.” In the meanwhile, Reisenauer had gone to another room and, after listening patiently, returned, imitating the walk, facial expression and the peculiar guttural snort characteristic of Liszt in his later years. Then followed a long “kindly sermon” upon the emotional possibilities of the composition. This was interrupted with snorts and went with kaleidoscopic rapidity from French to German and back again many, many times. Imitating Liszt he said, “First of all we must arrive at the very essence of the thing; the germ that Chopin chose to have grow and blossom in his soul. It is, roughly considered, this:(見譜例圖四)
Chopin’s next thought was, no doubt:(見譜例圖五)
But with his unerring good taste and sense of symmetry he writes it so:(見譜例圖六)
Now consider the thing in studying it and while playing it from the composer’s attitude. By this I mean that during the mental process of conception before the actual transference of the thought to paper, the thought itself is in a nebulous condition. The composer sees it in a thousand lights before he actually determines upon the exact form he desires to perpetuate. For instance, this theme might have gone through Chopin’s mind much after this fashion:(見譜例圖七)
The main idea being to reach the embryo of Chopin’s thought and by artistic insight divine the connotation of that thought, as nearly as possible in the light of the treatment Chopin has given it.
“It is not so much the performer’s duty to play mere notes and dynamic marks, as it is for him to make an artistic estimate of the composer’s intention and to feel that during the period of reproduction, he simulates the natural psychological conditions which affected the composer during the actual process of composition. In this way the composition becomes a living entity—a tangible resurrection of the soul of the great Chopin. Without such penetrative genius a pianist is no more than a mere machine and with it he may develop into an artist of the highest type.”
▪️A Unique Attitude.
Reisenauer’s attitude toward the piano is unique and interesting. Musicians are generally understood to have an affectionate regard for their instruments, almost paternal. Not so with Reisenauer. He even goes so far as to make this statement: “I have always been drawn to the piano by a peculiar charm I have never been able to explain to myself. I feel that I must play, play, play, play, play. It has become a second nature to me. I have played so much and so long that the piano has become a part of me. Yet I am never free from the feeling that it is a constant battle with the instrument, and even with my technical resources I am not able to express all the beauties I hear in the music. While music is my very life, I nevertheless hate the piano. I play because I can’t help playing and because there is no other instrument which can come as near imitating the melodies and the harmonies of the music I feel. People say wherever I go, ‘Ah, he is a master.’ What absurdity! I the master? Why, there is the master (pointing to the piano), I am only the slave.”
▪️The Future of Pianoforte Music.
An interesting question that frequently arises in musical circles relates to the future possibilities of the art of composition in its connection with the pianoforte. Not a few have some considerable apprehension regarding the possible dearth of new melodic material and the technical and artistic treatment of such material. “I do not think that there need be any fear of a lack of original melodic material or original methods of treating such material. The possibilities of the art of musical composition have by no means been exhausted. While I feel that in a certain sense, very difficult to illustrate with words, one great ‘school’ of composition for the pianoforte ended with Liszt and the other in Brahms, nevertheless I can but prophesy the arising of many new and wonderful schools in the future. I base my prophecy upon the premises of frequent similiar (sic) conditions during the history of musical art.” These are Reisenauer’s views upon this matter.
Continuing, he said: “It is my ambition to give a lengthy series of recitals, with programs arranged to give a chronological aspect of all the great masterpieces in music. I hope to be enabled to do this before I retire. It is part of a plan to circle the world in a manner that has not yet been done.” When asked whether these programs were to resemble Rubinstein’s famous historical recitals in London, years ago, he replied: “They will be more extensive than the Rubinstein recitals. The times make such a series posssible (sic) now, which Rubinstein would have hesitated to give.”
As to American composers, Reisenauer is so thoroughly and enthusiastically won over by MacDowell that he has not given the other composers sufficient attention to warrant a critical opinion. I found upon questioning, that he had made a genuinely sincere effort to find new material in America, but he said that outside of MacDowell, he found nothing but indifferently good salon-music. With the works of several American composers he was, however, unfamiliar. He has done little or nothing himself as a composer and declared that it was not his forte.
▪️American Musical Taste.
Reisenauer says: “American musical taste is in many ways astonishing. Many musicians who came to America prior to the time of Thomas and Damrosch returned to Europe with what were, no doubt, true stories of the musical conditions in America at that time. These stories were given wide circulation in Europe, and it is difficult for Europeans to understand the cultured condition of the American people at the present time. America can never thank Dr. Leopold Damrosch and Theodore Thomas enough for their unceasing labors. Thanks to the impetus that they gave the movement, it is now possible to play programs in almost any American city that are in no sense different from those one is expected to give in great European capitals. The status of musical education in the leading American cities is surprisingly high. Of course the commercial element necessarily affects it to a certain extent; but in many cases this is not as injurious as might be imagined. The future of music in America seems very roseate to me and I can look back to my American concert tours with great pleasure.
▪️Concert Conditions in America.
“One of the great difficulties, however, in concert touring in America is the matter of enormous distances. I often think that American audiences rarely hear great pianists at their best. Considering the large amounts of money involved in a successful American tour and the business enterprise which must be extremely forceful to make such a tour possible, it is not to be wondered that enormous journeys must be made in ridiculously short time. No one can imagine what this means to even a man of my build.” (Reisenauer is a wonderfully strong and powerful man.) “I have been obliged to play in one Western city one night and in an Eastern city the following night. Hundreds of miles lay between them. In the latter city I was obliged to go directly from the railroad depot to the stage of the concert hall, hungry, tired, travel worn and without practice opportunities. How can a man be at his best under such conditions—yet certain conditions make these things unavoidable in America, and the pianist must suffer occasional criticism for not playing uniformly well. In Europe such conditions do not exist owing to the closely populated districts. I am glad to have the opportunity to make this statement, as no doubt a very great many Americans fail to realize under what distressing conditions an artist is often obliged to play in America.”
famous composers 在 Fan-Chiang Yi 范姜毅 Facebook 的最佳解答
剛看到以前在德國認識的一個德國鋼琴家朋友Frank Düpree分享他與兩位爵士音樂家改編給三重奏的卡布斯丁的變奏曲,作品41
Nikolai Kapustin | Variations, op. 41
Frank Dupree 🎹feat. Mini Schulz and Obi Jenne
Nikolai Kapustin is one of my favorite composers . Beside George Jacob Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein, Nikolai Kapustin's works hits exactly the middle between classical music and jazz! In his "Variations, op. 41" for piano solo he uses the same Russian melody like Igor Stravinsky does in his "The Rite of Spring" for the famous introduction of the bassoon solo, but he transfers the theme trough many kinds of jazz styles like Swing, Jazz-Waltz or even a really fast Bebop. I absolutely love that piece.
I had the pleasure to play this masterwork together with two German high-class jazz musicians: Mini Schulz (bass 🎸) & Obi Jenne (drums 🥁). It makes the piece even more jazzy.
Please have a listen! Flicking with the fingers on the off-beats is a must.😎
Thousand thanks go to my film producer. This was our 5th film in only 1,5 years. Raphael Hustedt, you are just gorgeous! I also want to thank Matthias Reusch for making us sound so good!
Recording: December 2018, Backnang Bürgerhaus
famous composers 在 Top 10 Classical Music Composers - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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famous composers 在 The Greatest Classical Composers - YouTube 的推薦與評價
Buy “The Greatest Classical Composers ” (MP3 album) on the Official Halidon Music Store: https://bit.ly/2QvbieF Listen to "The Best of ... ... <看更多>