關於 修麗可age ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

▍思考框架是創造力背後的推手

我們心中，本來就有各式各樣的思考框架，我們思考的方式就是如此。這些思考框架有的簡單、有的複雜，有的精確、有的粗略，有的美麗、也有的邪惡。但不論如何，都會呈現現實的某些面向，協助我們提出解釋、抓住重點，做出決定。

例如，民主制度是一種思考框架，而君主制度也是一種思考框架。在商業產業上，精實生產（lean manufacturing）是一種思考框架，OKR（objectives and key results，即「目標與關鍵結果」，因英特爾與谷歌的先後採用而聲名大噪）也是一種思考框架。宗教是一種思考框架，世俗人文主義（也就是不信神的道德觀）也是一種思考框架。法治是一種思考框架，「強權即公理」也是一種思考框架。種族平等是一種思考框架，種族主義也是一種思考框架。

在我們的種種推理上，思考框架不但是重要基礎，而且應用極為廣泛。近幾十年間，從哲學到神經科學，各式各樣的領域都曾研究人類的思考框架，只是用來描述的術語有所不同，包括：模板、抽象概念、再現（representation）、基模等等。

時至今日，不論是硬科學或社會科學領域，多半都已經接受「人類透過心智模型來思考」的概念。只不過，這其實是相對晚近的概念。在二十世紀初，多半還只有哲學家在思考「人類如何思考」的問題。佛洛伊德對大腦的奧祕深感興趣，但他是當時的例外，而非常態。到了兩次世界大戰之間，像是卡西勒和維根斯坦等哲學家，則是以心智所操縱的符號與語詞為基礎，以此來認識心智。這確實是邁出了一步，讓人以更理性的方式來瞭解「認知」，但一切仍然只是理論，沒有實證。

等到第二次世界大戰之後，開始有實證科學家研究人類的心智—心理學家接手哲學家的研究，特別是開始思考大腦內部的認知過程。一開始，學者認為認知過程就像是嚴格的邏輯運算，但實證研究並無法支持這種論點。大約在1970 年代，「心智模型」的概念開始流行，眾人也開始認為人類的推理並非邏輯形式的運作，而更像是在模擬現實：我們評估各種選項的方式，是去想像可能發生的種種情況。

如今，這種觀點已經由許多心理學家與認知科學家經過眾多實驗得到證明。近年來，由於功能性磁振造影（fMRI）能夠即時視覺化呈現受試者的腦部活動，就連神經科學也踏入了這項研究領域。舉例來說，研究顯示，人類構思未來的時候，會啟動那些和空間認知與3D 思考相關的大腦區域。可以說，其實就是在有目的、刻意的做夢。

這項研究成果，讓我們對人類如何思考的理解，開始默默改變，瞭解了心智模型是人類認知的基本構件。不論我們任何的所見、所知、所感、所信，都始於我們對宇宙萬物的思考方式。我們如何理解世界，會受到我們「相信」世界如何運作所影響，包括：事情為何會發生、未來會如何發展，以及如果我們採取行動之後又會如何。

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▍「解釋」帶來的好處

因果框架要求一切必須有說得通的解釋，這點除了讓我們得以歸納類推，也讓我們得以學習。這是一項重要特點，而且也是一項相對較新的發現。一般來說，學習是發生在得到資訊的時候—聽到老師講課、看到書上的描述、或是學徒動手修修補補的時候。但在做因果解釋的時候，那位提供資訊和解釋的人其實也在學習。這項觀點是由普林斯頓大學心理學教授倫布羅佐（TaniaLombrozo）提出，她是這個學術領域的熠熠新星，引領著一套關於「解釋」機制的新科學。

倫布羅佐從大學時期開始，就發現不論在心理學、社會學、哲學，處處可見關於解釋的想法。雖然這似乎就明擺在眼前，但事實證明，關於「解釋」這件事本身，科學界的研究都還不夠深入。舉例來說，為什麼我們會覺得某些事值得解釋、又有某些事不值得解釋？解釋能讓我們如何有所成就，或者如何讓人誤入歧途？倫布羅佐的研究從心理學和哲學出發，填補了一些我們關於解釋的知識空白。

倫布羅佐對於「透過解釋而學習」的研究，就是一個很好的例子。在實驗中，倫布羅佐請成年受試者看看兩群來自外星的機器人，分別名為glorp 和drent。兩群機器人各有不同的顏色、體型、腳部形狀的特徵，但受試者並不知道真正的重要區別是哪一項。實驗人員請一半的受試者去描述glorp 和drent 各有何特徵，而另一半則是要解釋glorp 和drent 各有何特徵。（兩群機器人都很可愛，但是真正區分的重點並不在於顏色或體型，而在於腳部的形狀。）

結果如何？比起那些只需要描述而不需要解釋的人，那些必須提出解釋的受試者，在找出真正區別之處的表現，明顯高出一截。倫布羅佐做了很多次實驗，結果都類似。她甚至也對小孩做了實驗，結果一樣：如果要小孩提出因果解釋，他們的表現就會更棒。

讓我們把這點再拉回來討論思考框架：我們用因果框架來解釋這個世界的時候，其實就是在學習，因此我們會更瞭解這個世界，我們也能產生更深入、更準確的見解。而且，向別人解釋這個世界，也能讓自己更瞭解這個世界。這項發現對教育和育兒來說，具有直接的意義：記得要小孩解釋他們推論的過程，而不只是要他們給答案。（這或許也有演化上的意義：比起其他不去解釋這個世界的動物，人類透過解釋的機制，也就學得更快、學得更多。）

這件事能帶來的好處，絕不只是知道怎麼區分glorp 和drent而已。人類從最早的時候，就開始想像出各種秩序的概念，在群星當中勾勒眾神的身形，將各種物種加以分類。小孩會花上幾小時，分類排列著自己的小車車、小布偶、樂高積木，還有萬聖節糖果（直到爸媽半夜偷偷來吃掉）。這種分類和重新分類的動作，靠的就是我們取得抽象概念、進行歸納類推的能力。

要是少了取得抽象概念的能力，我們就會覺得自己碰到的一切都是完全陌生，沒有任何一般法則能夠告訴我們該怎麼做。

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以上文字摘自
《#造局者》
思考框架的威力
Framers: Human Advantage in an Age of Technology and Turmoil
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作者：庫基耶, 麥爾荀伯格, 德菲爾利科德

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各位朋友好：

昨天在贈書直播中，談到用過去經驗類比現在或未來未知的處境，是大腦很重要的工作。說真的，這項能力對我們活下來真的幫助很大。

然而，我們昨天也提到，這種思考慣性同時也造成了某些限制。尤其過去經驗本來就比較偏頗，這種慣性要調整，就必須經過有意識的自我教育。

「思考特定議題的時候，我腦海裡如果浮現越多人的立場，最後得到的結論就越讓人信服。」～漢娜鄂蘭

版面上的朋友們，因為常閱讀不同作者的智慧，所以特別能進行討論。這其實更有利於我們看到不同人的觀點，並且選擇適合我們的思考方式，而不只是因循故舊。

今天晚上沒有直播，明天晚上的直播，會再談談傳統教養跟自我傷害的關係。這實在是一種沉重的話題，錯用思考框架，讓我們代代相傳著創傷。

祝願您，能充實我們的思考框架庫，這是能有多元選擇的基礎之一！

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

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創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

［知行合一］（六之四）

國安法第一審繼續就「光復香港。時代革命」八個字的意義，繼續進行討論。控方由嶺大學者劉智鵬以歷史學者身份，早前指出「光時」有分裂國家意思；而辯方的港大學者李詠怡 (Eliza)則已作供進入第三天。今天下午，和Eliza一起撰寫專家證人報告的另一位學者，中大新傳學院教授李立峯(Francis)開始作供。

由於辯方兩位專家的姓氏同為「李」，「雙李」容易引起混淆。甫坐下，高個子的李立峯教授說，他想用Eliza稱呼李詠怡教授，獲法庭接納。

李立峯解釋，Eliza專長政治學，故對政治選舉及相關理論熟悉。而Francis自己則是傳播學教授，辯方劉偉聰大狀在庭上先介紹Francis， 指出他畢業於史丹福大學，博士論文研究美國9.11事件中，比較報紙讀者來信和網上論壇的言論，專研範圍為「政治傳播學」。

Francis曾出版學術著作，有講述雨傘運動與傳播關係，將出版另一本書，談及六四紀念活動的集體港人記憶現象，「我對香港近年的大型社會運動，有現代歷史脈絡的理解」。Francis亦曾於2017年成為香港法庭歷史上第一位以「民意研究專家」，為佔中九子案擔任專家證人。以往，香港法庭專家證人多為醫生及物理學家等。

三位法官表示接納Francis的專家證人身份。今天在大狀袍下穿了條子花紋西裝褲的劉偉聰大狀，溫文向法官們道謝：「I am grateful」.

Francis花了頗長時間，解釋社會科學中，量化研究（大型民調）和質化研究（焦點小組）的方法論及兩者作為理解社會現像的用途。

由於過往香港法庭甚少傳召社會科學家作專家證人，三位法官發問了很多問題。唯一男性法官陳嘉信說：「我是laymen（普通人）有這些問題」；女法官杜麗冰亦在休庭前向主問劉偉聰說笑：「對不起我們打斷了你的發問。」

休庭前，三位法官先後向Francis多次問及社科研究法的疑問。Francis越答越興起，語速快了。控方周天行說：「教授請說慢一點。」Francis說笑：「我教書時，學生經常說我說得太快。」此時法庭響起了輕鬆的笑聲。

Francis說，他們進行了的量化研究，就是於2019年從連登討論區上，以電腦程式，抽取討論區上曾提及口號相關的帖子，抽取的口號分別為「光復香港」、「時代革命」、「香港獨立」、「港獨」、「五大訴求」。由於連登上的留言量可以數以百萬計，需要由懂寫電腦程式的學者作技術上協助，他再進行統計學分析。法官們沒有太多發問。

Francis說：「看數字，以數量計，量化研究(quantitative research)就可以處理，但要看人們怎樣建構意義，那要進行質化研究，因為做簡單問卷，是不可以看到意義建構的過程。此時要靠質化研究(qualitative research)，我們做了焦點小組(focus group)。」

七個焦點小組，每個有五至八人參加，三組是包含了不同年齡性別職業的市民，四組是參與者背景相近的小組，一組是社工，一組是老師，一組是年輕人。總共有40人參加焦點小組，都是在反修例運動期間，有參與示威或同情反修例運動的人。「因為我們要看示威者在想甚麼。」

三位法官發問頗頻密，其中，陳嘉信問，焦點小組只有四十人那麼少，如何有代表性？Francis解釋，質化研究是找「意義成形的過程」，代表性則由量化研究補充：「所以我們用不同研究方法互補不足。」

法官對社會現象的理解，和社科學者明顯有差別。

陳官問道：「參加焦點小組的人，會不會心裡想一樣，答你說另一樣？好像美國選舉你問選民選誰，可能他因為尷尬告訴你一個答案，但去到票站就投另一個。」陳法官形容，這是一個「危險」(danger).

作為社會科學學者，Francis這樣回應：「我不看成一種『危險』，因為人是複雜的動物，人的腦子裡不只有『單一的真相』，面對不同人，在不同處境，會影響人如何建構意義。從社會學及人類學角度，人們會在不同處境『管理自己的形像』，我會形容為因應處境而作出的『調整』，而不是在直白地說謊」。

Francis繼續解釋，「而建構意義是一個過程，同一個人在不同時候，他的想法也有改變。像我們現在在討論『甚麼是焦點小組』，我們（他和法官們）也在集體參與意義建構的過程。」

此時，Francis引述了焦點小組裡，其中一個焦點小組參與者，對「光時」口號的理解，隨時間而出現改變。

Francis在庭上說，其中一個支持反修例運動的焦點小組參與者說：

「最初我面對『光復香港。時代革命』這口號，我說不出口。為何呢？因為我最初認為這口號與『港獨』有關，好像要推翻政府，這不是我的目的，我不支持港獨的。但隨着反修例運動發展下，我理解這個運動是關於爭取普選，關於愛好自由，公義。漸漸我可以喊出口了。這個口號好像承載了一種精神。當我去到集會現場，我喊『光時』口號時，我會覺得和其他香港人連繫起來。」

Francis解釋：「這是一個好例子，這個人最初覺得，『嘩，光時口號好激進』，但漸漸他覺得意義改變了。即使他不支持港獨，他也會嗌這口號。」

「這例子正正示範了，口號的意義建構過程，可以如此複雜，豐富，充滿餘韻(nuances).」Francis說。

Francis還引述了華盛頓大學政治學教授Lance Bennett對政治口號的見解 “Effective political themes and slogans invite people to bring their own meaning to a situation. Thus, an image is an impression anchored partly in symbolic suggestion and partly in the feelings and assumptions that people have in response to that suggestion.”

(有效的政治口號邀請人們把他們自己的意義加諸其上。所以，一個影象像個錨，作為一個符號提示人們把自己的感受及假設投射到其中。)

Francis亦說，焦點小組中發現，只有部份人認為「光時口號」與港獨有關，所以口號是開放式的。「總的來說，光時口號就是關於一些失去的東西，而人們覺得需要改變。至於失去了甚麼又如何改變，則因人而異。」

法官們亦用法律用語詢問，焦點小組裡會否有「引導性問題」（leading question），即因為主持者主動提起「港獨」而引導被訪者去提及這個答案。這顯然是法庭常關注點。

但Francis說，焦點小組做法是開放讓大家討論，「而進行焦點小組時間正好在2019年9月，那時基本上整個社會都在討論這句口號的意思，是否和港獨有關。所以在焦點小組裡不需要提示，就會自然進行討論。」

法庭場境裡，引導性問題，會是法官關注的事。

這天早上，李詠怡(Eliza)教授，繼續接受控方盤問。Eliza早前曾說過，為甚麼「光時」口號在7月21日於社會流行起來，其中一個原因是因為人們對「元朗襲擊」感到憤怒，需要一個口號去表達其情緒。

然而代表律政司的署理刑事檢控專員周天行， 則挑戰Eliza，周專員多次指，7月21日口號最初出現於白天，當時中聯辦被示威者包圍，國徽被損毁，當時中聯辦外牆上更出現「光時」口號，周專員指，「光時」口號的意義，應該與中聯辦事件有關。

控方的周專員說：「中聯辦外示威中，清楚反映拒絕中華人民共國和政府的意思，你為何不認為這些示威活動的意義，有助我們脈絡性地理解口號的意思？」周專員亦呈上了多張中聯辦被損毁的照片叫Eliza細看。

Eliza指，她和研究伙伴，曾在7.21後，嘗試從數據了解為何當天之後，光時口號的使用明顯更普遍。於是她從兩張報紙裡，點算傳媒提及過的地區，發現「元朗」字眼出現的頻率，要比「西環」、「中聯辦」及「上環」高出很多。

「媒體注意力反映公眾注意力，而焦點小組發現，7.21大家一致是關注警察暴力，而不是關注中聯辦。故此我們認為令到7.21口號普及化，元朗事件比中聯辦事件重要得多。」Eliza說。

Eliza早前指，梁天琦在造勢晚會曾引述過美國黑人民權領袖Malcolm X說「the Ballot or the Bullet」意思，Eliza認為「子彈」只是比喻，並非像控方專家劉教授所說有「武器」的意思。控方更指控梁天琦有意推翻政權。Eliza當時更說，以她所知， Malcolm X不是「分裂國家主張者」(secessionist)。

周專員今日呈上Malcolm X的1964年的演講，讀出部份內容，又追問Eliza知否Malcolm X被指為 “separatist”和知否Malcolm X曾經加入激進伊斯蘭組織。

Eliza語氣有點難以置信地反問：「我們是否要進入複雜的美國種族歷史？美國黑人民族主義(black nationalist)和非洲裔美國人那時的分離主義（separatism）, 尤其是於種族隔離(apartheid)的過去有多複雜?要研讀多少歷史脈絡？」

周堅持追問：「那Malcolm X是不是分離主義者？」

Eliza沒好氣答: 「若是說建立一個有主權的國家這個理解下，我認為不是。」

周專員仍在要求Eliza看Malcolm X說話節錄。此時，彭官要求暫停提問，三位法官退後座椅商議一會，然後彭寶琴說，Malcolm X是否分離主義者，與本案案情「拉扯得太遠」（far far removed）, 彭官提醒周專員，Eliza一直不反對梁天琦在選舉演說中對港獨持正面看法。

周專員另一處的追問，把梁天琦與Eliza拉得更近，問答更有火花。周專員引述去年夏天來自《眾新聞》的報導，報導中訪問了三位學者，表達學者們對泛民立法會議員在政府表示因疫情把選舉延期一年後，是否應該總辭。

報導中，Eliza認為議員應該留任，訪問中提到議會是重要「抗爭陣地」「在威權政治下，策略上考慮比民主原則更重要……」周專員反問，梁天琦進入議會，會否也像她所說的一樣，「具策略意義，目的是去推翻政權」？

Eliza罕見地光火起來：「你在引述我？你是否在說我和梁天琦是一伙？說我和他是同黨？(You suggest I am part of his cohort?)……好了，現在我被審訊，我要回答吧？ (I am the person on trial, I have to answer this……)」辯方劉大狀立即站起來抗議，指Eliza是來做證人的。

此時彭寶琴語氣溫和地望着Eliza說：「不是的，妳是來作供，提供專家意見給法庭。請不要覺得來被審判，這不是原來的意思。」彭官打圓場道：「我想周先生要想問妳，會不會梁天琦進入立法會，覺得策略上可以作出改變，而不是留在結構以外。」

Eliza鬆了一口氣，望着彭官說了幾聲：「感謝妳的澄清，感謝。」然後Eliza詳細解釋，她在泛民總辭上的看法，已經算是「溫和派」，因為當時社會上較激進的想法，是主張泛民議員一起總辭以表示對選舉延期的不滿。而Eliza說，我主張泛民留任，是希望有議員監察政府，希望加強政府問責性。

現在仍身陷囹圄的梁天琦，始終成為庭上反覆被斟酌的客體。

Eliza今日完成作供前，有機會詳細解釋，她作為政治學者，如何理解梁天琦為何要使用「光時」口號。Eliza解釋，2016年梁天琦參加的是新界東補選，和以往立法會選舉不同，選舉制度是「單議席單票制」，並非「比例代表制」。

「比例代表制」之下，勝選者需要的票數不需很多，只拿取選票一成也可以拿到席位。然而補選的規則，則是誰多選票誰便勝出，故要爭取選票數量。

Eliza說，回看2016新東補選中，參選者多達6人，當中梁天琦的對手，有知名度高的政黨領袖，梁天琦當時相比之下，是一個無人認識的小伙子，只有大學宿生會經驗，或參加過一些小型社會運動，但知名度不高。「他需要設計一個非常搶耳的口號，以拿得最多的票數。」

Eliza指，一個知名度不夠的參選者，設計口號會有「不成比例地戲劇化」的情況(dramatizing out of proportion)，故此梁天琦即使說「選票就是子彈」是一種誇張的說法而已。

Eliza進一步指出：「很多提倡港獨的政治組織，大部份沒有具體的行動計劃，只是口說『香港獨立』」。法官彭寶琴補充：「妳所說的沒有具體行動計劃，是在公眾知道的情況下沒有而已。」

Eliza再補充：「究竟（這些組織主張的）是和平遊說，還是使用暴力或武裝力量？沒有看到這些（資訊）。」

今次被告唐英傑的電單車上，插着旗幟的版本，除了有「光時」這個八字中文口號，亦有七字英文“Liberate Hong Kong, Revolution of our Times”，中英文版本均在法庭反覆被檢驗。辯方學者卻說，原來口號的出現，並非有明確的設計時刻，或單一設計者。

彭官曾詢問，英語口號如何出現， “Liberate Hong Kong, Revolution of our Times”那裡來？彭官留意到梁天琦2016年造勢晚的佈景板已出現這七個英文字。

但Eliza指出，她曾經從梁天琦遞交給選管會的個人簡介中，找到「光時」的英文版，卻是被譯成「Ignite Revolution to Reclaim Our Age.」對於造勢晚會和選管會的文宣為何有差異，Eliza說她不知道。

而Eliza亦曾找遍不同資料，去嘗試看看梁天琦當初創作「光時」口號的原意，但發現他除了在晚會說過，口號不想專注「世代」差別，除此之外，她沒找到更多解釋。不過Eliza說，原來梁天琦最初創作了另一個八字口號，但她認為，梁天琦最初的口號不搶耳，不令人留下深刻印像。

「選舉口號要搶耳，要令人容易記起這個參選人，而原來梁天琦最初設計的口號很悶蛋，孩子氣得像大學活動口號一樣。」

原來，於社會掀起沸沸揚揚的談論，在2019年反修例運動中被廣泛流傳過，今天被法庭研究是否違反國安法的八個字口號，並不是梁天琦最初的構思。

此時，Eliza翻查文件找到了紀錄，並以廣東話在高等法院朗讀出，梁天琦最初曾經構思，但最後放棄了的意念。這個被埋葬了的口號，原來一樣是八個大字：「知行合一，世代革新」。

如果歷史有如果，假若「光時」沒有出現過，今日香港的光景又會如何？

＊＊＊
國安法首審專家證人系列（六之一）：［Regime & Redeem］
7月2日控方專家劉智鵬作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4210137115741348/

國安法首審專家證人系列（六之二）：［Just Do it］
7月9日辯方專家李詠怡作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4229321820489544/

國安法首審專家證人系列（六之三）：［過去與未來］
7月12日辯方專家李詠怡作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4237523026336090/

國安法首審專家證人系列（六之四）：［知行合一］
7月13日辯方專家李詠怡及李立峯作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4240215429400183/

國安法首審專家證人系列（六之五）：［沒有誰比誰高貴］
7月14日辯方專家李立峯作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4243328702422189/

國安法首審專家證人系列（六之六）：［選櫻桃的人］
7月15日辯方專家李立峯作供
https://www.facebook.com/wwviviantam/photos/a.1435553239866430/4245860505502342/

（圖為辯方第二位專家證人，中大新傳學院教授李立峯離開高院，明天他會繼續作供）

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/alinalo0407/

——

哈囉大家好！
今天這集是25分鐘的長片拉
在週年慶結束之年
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——

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1010hope/ Christophe-Robin 刺梨籽油柔亮修護髮膜
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——

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