湯景華縱火燒死6人案,最高法院今天「自為改判」,改判無期徒刑定讞。
理由是:……屬於殺人的間接故意,而不是直接故意,不符合判《兩公約》規定要處死刑啊要具備殺人直接故意的要件。所以本院依法撤銷原審判決,改判無期徒刑,褫奪公權終身。(最高法院刑事發言人徐昌錦庭長)
首先,我先看了《公民與政治權利國際公約》第六條,並沒有必須直接故意殺人才可以判死刑這樣的要件。再到處查,只有查到台灣廢除死刑推動聯盟《台灣死刑判決報告~75位死刑犯判決綜合分析》裡面有以下這段:
「……
其中所謂「情節最重大之罪」,依人權事務委員會相關解釋,雖限於「蓄意殺害並造成生命喪失」(there was an intention to kill which resulted the loss of life),然此僅屬公政公約因應不同國家刑事法制度所設之「最低度要求」。
依此,非謂凡犯「殺人罪」者即均應處以死刑;又應將「未發生死亡結果」或「不確定故意」之犯罪排除於「情節最重大之罪」範圍外
……」
經由一些文獻指引,找到公民與政治權利國際公約第36號一般性意見第35點,原文節錄:「The term “the most serious crimes” must be read restrictively and appertain only to crimes of extreme gravity, involving intentional killing.(僅限於涉及故意殺人的極嚴重罪行。) Crimes not resulting directly and intentionally in death,(未直接和故意導致死亡的罪行,) such as drug offences, attempted murder, corruption and other economic [and political] crimes, armed robbery, piracy, abduction, and sexual offences, although serious in nature, can never justify, within the framework of article 6, the imposition of the death penalty.」簡而言之,必須「故意殺人」,而且「直接、故意地導致死亡」,才能判處死刑。本段落並列舉包含毒品罪、殺人未遂罪、武力強盜、海盜及性侵害犯罪等罪,不能宣告死刑。
這段英文出自A/HRC/4/20,解釋「情節最重大之罪」:「The requirement of human rights law that the death penalty should be imposed only for the “most serious crimes” continues to be interpreted subjectively by certain States. The report examines the travaux of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, surveys the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, and analyses the comments by the Secretary-General, principles declared by the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights and concludes that, if it is to comply with the most serious crimes restriction, the death penalty can only be imposed in cases where it can be shown that there was an intention to kill which resulted in the loss of life. 」
首先,第一個問題是,英文「intentional/intentionally」,是否包含「不確定故意」?如果從英美法的角度,犯罪的主觀要素分類大致上有intentional, reckless, negligence等,如果並沒有強烈的意圖(intention),但是能預見而去做某些行為會侵害法益,仍然去做,也會構成魯莽(reckless),以殺人罪為例,魯莽行為致死會構成involuntary manslaughter(英美法的殺人罪有很多種,這邊姑且翻譯成「比較嚴重的過失致死」)通常會比murder(謀殺)的罪輕很多。
(這邊以美國為例)你以為美國刑法會用魯莽殺人(過失致死)輕易放下強盜致死、縱火致死、強姦致死的人嗎?在大部分的立法例裡,只要犯下重罪(felony,能判超過一年徒刑的,全都是重罪)致人於死,而且沒有嚴重違背因果歷程的,都會被被擬制為「謀殺」,稱為「重罪謀殺」(felony murder),所以即使行為人在強盜過程中,被害人嚇到跌倒死亡,或者結夥搶劫,你的同伴把被害人槍殺,自己也要成立「重罪謀殺罪」。這個理論是基於「移轉的故意」(transferred intent),意思是說,你在做某些危險的事,就該知道那件事可能發生的危害,對實際發生的危害直接當成是故意所為的。
言歸正傳,我國除了毒品罪、海盜罪還有很多奇奇怪怪的罪不用殺死人就可以判死刑以外,強盜致死、擄人勒贖致死,都不用殺人故意,就可以判死刑。
運輸一級毒品,或者強盜沒有殺人故意,根據《刑法》都可以判死刑,更遑論不確定故意的殺人了。不過根據「《兩公約》規定必須具有殺人的直接故意」才能判處死刑的這個說法,以上這些通通不能判死刑,所以應該可以說,《刑法》裡面許多死刑的規定,是只能嚇人用。
或者說,《兩公約》真的是當年總統、立法者、學者們想的這樣嗎?
歡迎指正與提供意見。
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Kenal dua orang ni?
INI ADALAH KISAH BENAR.
Ada dua mamat ni, sorang nama Chow Yun Fat, sorang lagi nama Ng Man Tat. Dorang ni dari awal masuk bidang berlakon dah jadi kawan baik, bukan baik je, kira sangat baiklah..kerja sekali, makan sama-sama, huha sana sini sama-sama. Kiranya kat mana saja Chow Yun Fat, kat situlah ada Ng Man Tat. Ng Man Tat ni pada awal karier sebagai seorang pelakon dah pegang banyak watak pembantu yang membuatkan namanya jadi sebaris dengan pelakon-pel...
Continue ReadingKnow these two?
THIS IS THE TRUE STORY.
There are two guys, one name Chow Yun Fat, another name Ng Man Tat. These people have become best friends from the beginning, they are from the beginning, they have become good friends, not good, count them very well.. work together, eat together, huha there together. I wish Chow Yun Fat was anywhere, there is Ng Man Tat. Ng Man Tat at the beginning of his career as an actor has already held many assistant characters who made his name a row with famous actors. In the new 20 s, Ng Man Tat has become famous in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
When you become very famous, money and fame come so easily. When he was carelessly dreamed of the world, he fell into the trap of women, alcohol and gambling. She became neglected and finally her negligence damaged her career journey as an actor. So, there are no more companies to take him to act and he fell down with HK$ 300,000 debt at that time.
When Ng Man Tat experienced a fall, different from his best friend Chow Yun Fat. Chow Yun Fat stands out to be the lead actor in Hong Kong era drama. Ng Man Tat the deadlines find a way out of his problem feels that his best friend will loan money because he is sure Chow Yun Fat will help him and will never let him go in trouble.
Ng Man Tat went to Chow Yun Fat and asked to borrow HK$ 300,000. But even Ng Man Tat didn't expect that Chow Yun Fat would say: ′′ You solved your own problem."
With upset, he remembered what Chow Yun Fat said to him. ′′ Chow Yun Fat is the human I hate the most in my life ′′ he said this to the media because he was pissed at Chow Yun Fat for letting him be in trouble. At that time it was difficult and squeezed in a stressful situation, until the Ng Man Tat was about to commit suicide.
Soon after, Ng Man Tat offered a role for a new film. He thinks it's a chance for him and he gives his best for the new film. And the movie got a celebration and broke the stage. Therefore, he did not only get to pay off his debt, he also received the best maid award in the 10. th Hong Kong film award.
Chow Yun Fat was there when he received the award and congratulate, but the Ng Man Tat didn't care about Chow Yun Fat at all. Chow Yun Fat just keep quiet while smiling at Ng Man Tat.
On stage, Ng Man Tat thanked the film director who gave him a chance, but the director said: ′′ I'm not the person you should be thankful for is Chow Yun Fat. Chow Yun Fat is the one who has been trying hard to recommend you to take you to act."
Ng Man Tat is like awake. He thinks he's the one who changed his life without the help of others. And only now he knows his best friend's intentions. Then he went to Chow Yun Fat, hugging his friend tightly.
′′ Why?" ask Ng Man Tat to Chow Yun Fat.
′′ If I give you money at that time, you won't try to change, you'll still spend that money to gambling and alcohol. So this way I can help you. Most importantly, you have proven that you have tried it as best as possible."
Moral of the story:
Want to help a friend not just give money, but by giving him a way or way to get out of that problem.
′′ Teaching him fishing is better than giving him fish ′′
Credit: Zul MainoeTranslated
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